Positive Psychology and Sex free essay sample

Positive Psychology and Sex Name: Institution: Course: Date: Tutor: 1. 0 Role of emotions in sex and orgasm Brain scanning studies show that sex is a major turn off for women. The brain scans show that many parts of the female brain actually switch off. This shows that women lack emotional feelings during orgasms (Praise, 2009). A research was carried out on thirteen healthy partners. The research compared three states of rest; faked orgasm, stimulated clitoris and clitoris stimulated to orgasm point while the women lay with her head inside a PET scanner. The results from the study showed that stimulation of he women triggers the brains sensory part known as the primary compensatory cortex but inhibits the stimulus of the hippopotamus and the amazedly which are the regions responsible for anxiety and alertness (Praise, 2009). Several regions of the brain were also found to be active during orgasm as compared to the resting state. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Psychology and Sex or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of these regions is the preferential cortex. This study confirms the historical knowledge that women cannot find sex enjoyable if they have distractions, worries and are not relaxed. Anxiety and fear levels have to be low for a woman to have an orgasm. The explanation offered by Praise, (2009)for this extraordinary behavior is that emotions are switched off in the brain during sex and that the individual finds more importance in the chance of producing an offspring than the risk of surviving. This extraordinary behavior can also be seen to march with hares during the breeding season when the fear of predators is overridden by the mating urge (Hand, 2006). An explanation has not however been given to explain the extreme deactivation in the various parts of the brain during orgasm(Hillier, Wood ; Bolton, 2006). The cerebellum, which is responsible for movement coordination and to some extent regulation of emotions, was the only part found to be activated more during the female orgasm. It is not clear what this cerebellum activation relates to. According to Hutchinson, (2003), most people believe women are more emotional in sex but the above illustrated neurology of orgasm proves otherwise. Contrary to some people, sexual desire is also an emotion. This is because an emotion is caused by a significant change in feelings. Sexual desire is therefore not Just a biological urge nice it involves personal concern, intensity, brevity and a partial perspective. Sex is an important emotion since it ensures continuous survival of the human race. Teatimes a person to better want to understand the perspective of other people on emotions and feelings regarding to sex (Hutchinson, 2003). This is because a person who badly wants sex is forced to listen to the wants of others and gets an obligation of understanding their perspective. Through sex, a person realizes the importance of others since one cannot do it alone. I t is due to this act that people are able to work ND cooperate together with those of the opposite sex. According to Napoleon Hill, sex is the strongest human emotion (Hutchinson, 2003). Learning about the opposite sex helps learn more about sex and through sex, people are able to appreciate the huge diversities between them. Sometimes sex can be, to a larger extent, be considered to be more important than love itself in terms of emotions (Kirsch ; Becker, 2007). This is because even though love makes a person to give positive contribution to society, sex goes a step further and requires one to learn about the other person (Siegel, 2010). 2. Role of fantasies in sex and orgasm Hutchinson, (2003), states that the most common types of orgasm include clitoral orgasm, vaginal orgasm and G-spot orgasm. Most people however do not recognize the psychological orgasm. This is an orgasm that arises purely from thinking about sex. It can be either from recalling past experiences or fantasizing on new experiences. It can also be referred to as mental masturbation and occurs with no physical stimulation whatsoever (Peptides, Burnham, 2006). The female orgasm is very complex and therefore the psychological orgasm might be easily written off as a myth. Psychological orgasm is achieved through mental stimulation achievement of an arousal without genital stimulation and without exchange of body fluids or friction (The Lovers Guide, 2012). This proves the widely known theory of ability. The theory of achieving orgasm through imagination can be supported by the fact that the brain releases various chemicals during different tasks (Hutchinson, 2003). Many women have also been seen to get wet from talking about sex on phones or cyber. This shows that female orgasms can be induced in several ways. Male orgasms can also be stimulated through psychology. This is proved by the fact that some men experience wet dreams without a physical stimulation. Most psychologists however claim psychology to be more common in women than men. Frigidity, which is the failure of a woman to reach orgasm during sex, has been claimed by experts to be caused by psychological issues rather than anatomical issues in women. Norman (2009) explains that all female orgasms arise out of the clitoris since it is the centre of sensual activity in females. The clitoris is the only area in women capable of reaching sexual climax and achieving orgasm. The clitoris is however not efficiently stimulated ruing conventional sexual positions leaving women to be frigid. Women have also been able to reach orgasms through fetishes and fantasies. The stimulation is purely psychological but the orgasm is manifested physically (Broody ; Costa, 2008). Orgasm through fantasy shows that the brain is the most critical part in sexual inter course. Only 2% of women have reported achieving orgasm by the process of thought although this low number could be because very few women try it (Norman, 2009). The process of achieving the orgasm requires that the stimulation comes from fantasy sexy thoughts in the mind. Research through monitoring equipment showed that self-induced imagery orgasms caused similar sexual responses such as pupil dilation, increased blood pressure and heart rate to a person achieving orgasm from cervical or vaginal stimulation (Bubbler, 2011). The regions of the brain that were triggered during cervical and vaginal physical stimulation were the same that were activated in self-induced imagery. The parts include the anterior consulate, hippopotamus, the nucleus acumens and the VPN (Norman, 2009). To achieve sexual pleasure, one NAS to touch only on very sexy thoughts and relax into them. One also has to know his or her sexual triggers and choose to concentrate on these thoughts more. 3. 0 Effects of internet pornography on sex/organism Pornography addiction over a long period of time leads to masturbation which alters the chemistry of brain and eventually leads to brain damage. According to Dodge (2007), in his study about neuropsychiatry of the brains he identified that the human brain has the ability to grow and change over time depending on its exposure to the environment and through training. The human brain is actually very complex and contains many interconnected neurons which processes information by receiving signals which are later integrated to the required form. Several researches that have been carried out show that brain plasticity is actually a physical change which allows refining or weakening connections of the neurons(Dodge, 2007). Exposure of the brain to pornography leads to a progressive change over time either physically, chemically and in its functionality. Pornography gives individuals sensations that are pleasurable and they may end up neglecting other important duties and leave them unattended. Masturbation, at times can result from viewing of pornographic materials in the internet. It involves the stimulation of the brain that leads to release of dopamine into the bloodstream and hence the achievement of a pleasurable feeling (Cookbook, 2007). The brain can also be triggered to release dopamine into the blood stream after the viewing of erotic images. The sensation is a consequence of a progressive number of steps which start with viewing pornographic images. This is followed by an urge to stimulate pleasure neurons in the brain and temptation to relieve these sensations results to masturbation. Continuous exposure to pornographic materials leads to changes in the structure of the brain due to reproducibility changes which causes addiction to that behavior. Dodge (2007) notes that addiction to pornographic materials ends up causing long time changes in the brain structure and functionality. Large amounts of chemicals such as extinction, serotonin and dopamine are found in large quantities in the blood after prolonged exposure to pornography and are all involved in increasing sexual desires (Cookbook, 2007). With time, the pornographic images become engraved in individuals brains and once combined with continuous masturbation results to brain damage that is both chemical and biological in nature. Research by neurotransmitters also show that visual image traveling from the eye to the brain takes place in a split of a second and creation of memories takes place instantly, therefore each pornographic image viewed makes the brain change thus causing a progressive brain damage (Cutter;Glean, 2007). Addiction to pornography has also been believed to cause psychological and physiological effects that are instructive. In many couples who are married, it has been determined that there are more problems in their sexual relationship in cases where either of the partners has been addicted to watching orangeroot (Lambert, 2012). The sexual urge to have intercourse is reduced and the partner has to fantasize on a particular pornography they watched to become aroused. There is also reported low attraction of partners to their spouses as they are not able to act like the stars they watch in pornography movies (Dodge, 2007). This has led to many relationships break ups and more violence erupting between couples. It has also been noted that most of the couples where either of them is an addict to pornography snowed less commitment to their spouses. It NAS also played a ole in the increased rates of infidelity in marriages as the partner engages in extra- marital affairs with the hope of getting sexual satisfaction from a different partner (Lambert, 2012). Though there are few benefits that have been associated with pornography to relationships, its limitations actually outweighs the advantages by far. . 0 Feeling of vulnerability in sex The intensity of love in couples is maintained higher by having behaviors that are affectionate to one another such as kissing and hugging. Vulnerability has actually been identified as a strong factor that facilitates the success of intimate relationships teens partners and determines the affection intensity between them. Brown has had a lot of research studies in an atte mpt to understand what influences a strong social connection between people in a relationship (Sepal, 2012). She discovered that vulnerability is a key ingredient to a successful relationship which translates to good sex. Vulnerability enables partners to take the risk and uncertainty in courageously expressing their emotional connection to the other partner despite lack of surety of their partners response. In a social relationship vulnerability is meeting that is very essential and individuals should express themselves without the fear of rejection because of the weaknesses that may be associated with them (CutterGlean, 2007). Truthfulness is an attribute that improves the well being of individuals and thus their relationships. It is also noted that openness and vulnerability makes people in relationships become more attractive to one another and love in them grows progressively. Vulnerability makes it possible for a man to share his problems or feelings with his wife and the woman also does the same and OTOH offer a listening ear to each other (Sepal, 2012). The assurance that partners in a relationship care and have confidence to share their feeling with one another leads to a good love relationship and therefore successful and fulfilling sex. Vulnerability has in depth been identified as key in giving meaningful connection in relationships and leads to increased passion, Joy and love between partners. The couples who treat their spouses in a friendly manner and show love and care despite their shortcomings or falling from time to time, mostly have a fulfilling relationship (CutterGlean, 2007). The sense of belonging makes the partners in a relationship to enjoy being with their partners and thus have a fulfilling sex. It is always important that the partners in a relationship think positively about the welfare of their spouses always. This is the key to intensive love that progresses over the years and it prevents the partners hurting one another intentionally, and in circumstances where there is misunderstanding between them they are able to solve their differences in an amicable manner (Cookbook, 2007). Men are the ones who are mostly found to have a challenge in becoming vulnerable and they rarely want to how who they are in reality. Vulnerability from both parties in a relationship will enable couples to confidently express themselves to their spouses as they are making love and this will significantly improve their sex life. . 0 Effective communication in sex It is important to talk about sex with ones partner so as to communicate personal feelings and ideas around sexuality, love and relationships. Couples ought to thrash out sex-related issues like pregnancy, expectations from each other, birth control, sex styles, among many others (Herbicide, 2 ) When this is done, they do not become sexual in ways they n ever intended or do not feel quite comfortable about. This is not always the case for most people however, primarily because our cultures more or less deter us from discussing sex and related issues. We should bring up sex talk way before we become intimate; in situations that are not sexual. This way, we will be more open to each other. The couple should patently clarify each others feelings. The topic should be introduced in a manner that is gentle, compassionate and caring. Some issues are a little bit too sensitive, but not too sensitive if they might ruin a couples sex life if not discussed. A partner for example should share about what she or he really likes in bed; even what makes him or her orgasm (Mint, 2009). This is because, when we fail to communicate about our sexual desires and needs, our partners make assumptions. A lot of time may be wasted trying to do futile activities, and this could be precluded by saying exactly what we like. Some women, for instance, experience orgasms when their clitoris is stimulated. Doing other stuff during sex only leads to frustration. Another has a heavy inclination towards a certain sex position for pleasurable sex. Therefore, the kind of communication also eaters a lot. Being erotically connected is essential in any relationship. A partner should be able to reveal the type of sex they really want, without any inhibitions. Having a dialogue, whereby each partner is intent on listening rather than getting ready to rebut what their partner is about to say, is the starting point. Dialogue heals our unmet needs and brings us the love we want. To engage in dialogue may involve some few steps. The first is to make it safe for the dialogue to kick off. This is because, if it is not safe to talk, a couple will not talk after all. If for instance a partner becomes offensive, their mate will be hesitant to talk about whatever they wanted. To create this safety, we should be appreciative of our partners. Complimenting them for things they did well or things they did for us. When one is appreciated, even if there was any tension, it is broken. Appreciation would thus be said to be the gateway to erotic conversations (Nelson, 2008). When it is safe to talk, a couple should then go ahead and look for a suitable venue and start the dialogue. The right mood is also paramount and an effort should be made to create it. Eye contact should be maintained during the talk. The couple should as well employ empathy in their dialogue. Here, it is all about listening and understanding our partners erotic curiosity, without Judging them whatsoever (Nelson, 2008). It may sometimes be embarrassing to share some of our fantasies, but this is the only way we can achieve passionate, loving relationships. Couples who do not to talk about their sex-life so as to avoid negative consequences, the underlying risk is always graver. According to Mint (2009), good communication is the bedrock of good marriages; it will break or make it. When a couple engages in a conversation, pain and dissatisfaction are insisted. Couples who communicate more tend to be more sexually active. When unhappy or disappointed with a partner, it is that time when effective communication comes in handy. Communication skills are vital for both partners, because as they say, it takes two to tango. Some of the guiding principles of effective communication include: asking for what you want, solving issues forth with and concentrating on solving and not assuming anything (Dodge, 2007). Each partner should be straightforward and not expect their mind to be read. Again, matters should not be allowed to accumulate without being alike over. Still, the dialogue should not be about winning or losing, but rather solving the matter at hand. Any assumption about anything may be very erroneous and should be eschewed. With these, it is highly unlikely that effective communication will fail. 6. 0 Savoring sex Effect of mindfulness and meditation on sex and orgasm It is crucial that one is present during sex. Paying attention to the intention is a key to enjoyment of sex; that is focusing on the task at hand without worrying about other things. The mind stops flitting about, and distractions are brushed aside Richardson D. Amp; Richardson M. 2010). It is done by relaxing and letting go; not controlling anything. Sexual dysfunctions like erectile dysfunction are sometimes as a result of worrying too much about ones sexual performance instead of practicing awareness of present experience with acceptance (Siegel, 2010). Some women who become dry or never attain orgasm experience this because of focusing too much on becoming lubrica ted or reaching orgasm. Mindfulness is capable of healing problems which even medicine might not. It should be practiced however, for its benefits to be realized. For persons with anxiety and depression, mindfulness is helpful in their sex lives. Both anxiety and depression usually have negative effect on ones sexuality and being mindful takes attention off any negative apprehension (Bubbler, 2011). Getting aroused for some women can also be an uphill task, but by being mindful and not concentrating too much on becoming aroused, they can overcome this (Dempsey, 2007). Daily life can also be aided by mindfulness. Again, it has to be learned and experience. All in all, great sex happens to those who are fully into the lovemaking act, who let the world fall aside.

Birmingham Swim League Essays - Swimming, Sports, Free Essays

Birmingham Swim League Essays - Swimming, Sports, Free Essays Birmingham Swim League "Southern Classic" Birmingham CrossPlex January 20-22, 2017 SANCTIONED BY: This meet will be conducted under the auspices of Southeastern Swimming, Inc. of USA Swimming. USA Swimming technical rules and regulations will be followed with the exception of items specifically addressed in the meet information Sanctioned by Southeastern Swimming, Inc. Held under the sanction of USA Swimming and Southeastern Swimming, Inc. Sanction No.17SEBSL1-20, Time Trial Sanction No. 17SEBSL1-20TT HOSTED BY: Birmingham Swim League (www.birminghamswimleague.org) 1025 Montgomery Hwy, Suite 106 Birmingham, Al 35216 205-823-5512 (office) LOCATION: Birmingham CrossPlex (www.birminghamcrossplex.com) 2337 Bessemer Road Birmingham, Alabama 35208 205-279-8900 FACILITIES: Indoor 20 lane, 25 yard or 10 lane, 50 meter pool with non-turbulent lane lines, Colorado timing system and video scoreboard. The competition course has not been certified in accordance with 104.2.2C(4). The water depth is a minimum of 8 feet to 16 feet. Warm-up/warm-down lanes available at all times. RULES: Current United States Swimming rules will govern the conduct of the meet. Southeastern Swimming safety guidelines and warm up procedures will be in effect. The use of audio or visual recording devices, including a cell phone, is not permitted in changing areas, rest rooms, locker rooms, or from behind the starting blocks. Deck changing into or out of swimsuits other than in locker rooms or rest rooms is prohibited. In the interest of safety and accident prevention, coaches and swimmers are asked to observe all posted pool rules and facility rules referred to in this meet information and to conduct themselves in a safe and prudent manner. Birmingham Swim League will not accept responsibility for anyone who climbs to an unsafe height for any reason. OFFICIALS: Meet Director: Kristie D Muir ([emailprotected]) Meet Referee: Donna Williamson ([emailprotected]) Admin Referee: Gwenn McKenzie([emailprotected])Officials and apprentices from visiting teams are welcome and appreciated. Please contact Donna Williamson ([emailprotected]) with session(s) you are available to work. Dress in khaki pants/shorts/skirts, white shirts and white shoes. Please fill out information on "Team Information" page to be returned with entries. Officials must be members of USA Swimming and must present evidence of certification as required by Southeastern Swimming. Should there be any questions, meet officials will recognize only coaches or their designated representatives.Officials' meeting will take place in the hospitality room 1 hour before each session. Timers' meeting will take place at Clerk of Course 30 minutes before each session. ELIGIBILITY: All swimmers must be 2017 USA Swimming Registered athletes. USA registration number must be listed on the entry form. No entry will be accepted without current registration numbers. Coaches and officials must present evidence of certification as required by Southeastern Swimming. A swimmer's age on the first day of the meet will determine his or her age for the entire meet. Swimmers must be 11 years old to enter "Senior" events. Any swimmer entered in the meet must be certified by a USA Swimming member coach as being proficient in performing a racing start or must start each race from within the water. When unaccompanied by a member-coach, it is the responsibility of the swimmer or the swimmer's legal guardian to ensure compliance with this requirement. STARTING TIMES: Warm-upCompetition Friday PM: 4:00 PM 5:00 PMSaturday AM: 7:20 AM / 7:50AM 8:30 AM Saturday PM: Not before 11:30 AM Not before 12:30 PM Sunday AM: 7:20 AM / 7:50AM 8:15 AM Sunday PM: Not before 11:30 AM Not before 12:30 PM Sessions may be combined (AM and PM) or age groups may shift sessions if necessary, depending on the number of entrants. If sessions are combined the events will be re-numbered. Teams will be notified by telephone and/or email by Wednesday, January 18th, if this should occur. So please fill out ALL information on the TEAM INFORMATION page and turn that in with your entries by the deadline. WARM-UPS: Morning sessions will have two warm-ups. 1st Warm-up: 7:20 - 7:50 A.M. 2nd Warm-up: 7:50 - 8:20 A.M. Depending on size of meet, there may be designated sprint lanes at end of each morning warm-up. Afternoon sessions will be OPEN warm-ups. Sprint and pace lanes to be designated the last 25 minutes. Southeastern Swimming Meet Safety Guidelines and Warm-up Procedures will be in effect at this meet. Warm-up Lane

Illocutionary Acts in Speech-Act Theory

Illocutionary Acts in Speech-Act Theory In speech-act theory, the term illocutionary act refers to the use of a sentence  to express an attitude with a certain function or force, called an  illocutionary force, which differs from locutionary acts in that they carry a certain urgency and appeal to the meaning and direction of the speaker.   Although illocutionary acts are commonly made explicit by the use of performative verbs  like promise or request, they can often be vague as in someone saying Ill be there, wherein the audience cannot ascertain whether the speaker has made a promise or not. In addition, as Daniel R. Boisvert observes in Expressivism, Nondeclarative, and Success-Conditional Semantics that we can use sentences to warn, congratulate, complain, predict, command, apologize, inquire, explain, describe, request, bet, marry, and adjourn, to list just a few specific kinds of illocutionary act. The terms  illocutionary act  and  illocutionary force  were introduced by British linguistic philosopher John  Austin in 1962s How to Do Things With Words, and for some scholars, the term illocutionary act  is virtually synonymous with speech act. Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts Acts of speech can be broken down into three categories: locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. In each of these, too, the acts can either be direct or indirect, which quantify how effective they are at conveying the speakers message to its intended audience. According to Susana Nuccetelli and Gary Seays Philosophy of Language: The Central Topics, locutionary acts are the mere act of producing some linguistic sounds or marks with a certain meaning and reference, but these are the least effective means of describing the acts, merely an umbrella term for the other two which can occur simultaneously. Speech acts can therefore further be broken down into illocutionary and perlocutionary wherein the illocutionary act carries a directive for the audience, such as promising, ordering, apologizing and thanking. Perlocutionary acts, on the other hand, bring about consequences to the audiences such as saying I will not be your friend. In this instance, the impending loss of friendship is an illocutionary act while the effect of frightening the friend into compliance is a perlocutionary act. Relationship Between Speaker and Listener Because perlocutionary and illocutionary acts depend on the audiences reaction to a given speech, the relationship between speaker and listener is important to understand in the context of such acts of speech. Etsuko Oishi wrote in Apologies, that the importance of the speakers intention in performing an illocutionary act is unquestionable, but, in communication, the utterance becomes an illocutionary act only when the hearer takes the utterance as such. By this, Oishi means that although the speakers act may always be an illocutionary one, the listener can choose to not interpret that way, therefore redefining the cognitive configuration of their shared outer world. Given this observation, the old adage know your audience becomes especially relevant in understanding discourse theory, and indeed in composing a good speech or speaking well in general. In order for the illocutionary act to be effective, the speaker must use language which his or her audience will understand as intended.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Essay

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods - Essay Example Broadly, research methods are divided into two categories namely quantitative research method and qualitative research method. Both are different in nature and have different applicability. Both the methods find their applications in different disciplines and have strengths and shortcomings in various domains. There are certain pre requisites that apply to each of them and each of them underlines a specific method of implementation. Qualitative research method: This method of research is subjective in nature which mostly contains case studies, interviews, unlike quantitative methods the outcomes are in textual form and not in digits and statistical values. Questions like why, where when who are touched upon by this type of research method. Qualitative approach is scientific in nature and may not have a fixed deterministic solution by end of research conducted. Such research can be helpful in studying the behaviors, approach, their fears and concerns including natural response, dealin g with opinions and possibly culture oriented issues. While quantitative research provides fixed results, their counterpart lay foundation for the study and research beyond the point where the scope of quantitative research ends. Such research approaches are inductive in nature and the mode of language used is informal .Furthermore, qualitative research is most suited to the initial stages (Merriam, 2009). The tools and techniques that might be used during qualitative approach can possibly include memos, interviews, artifacts, picture or any piece of video (Pitney & Parker,pg53, 2009) . Stressing on the importance of qualitative approach Donald Campbell stated that â€Å"All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† (Farrell, pg8, 2011). Characteristic feature of such an approach is its ability to address the intangible aspects of society and human nature. Lincoln defines qualitative research as interpretive and naturalistic in nature (Flick,pg2, 2007). Three broad typ es of qualitative research encompass Case studies: while adopting case studies for purpose of research, focus is concentrated on an individual phenomena and concept that are constrained by duration and activities. Various data collection procedures are adopted during the case study approach. Phenomenological studies: In such approach attempt is being made to get the response of people based on their personal experience about a particular instance and event, intensive research is being carried out number of times through the aide of detailed elaborations Ethnographic studies: As the name implies, the focus of research in this category is a particular group of individuals that are involved in a similar kind of task. This kind of research is conducted over period of time with focus on one type of cultural group that have something in common between them. The commonality could be the interest, an experience, cultural trend or any other event undergone by the people being examined (Marie , pg 172, 2008). Role Play Simulation: In such kind of research role assignment might be done or the individuals conducting research might be required to observe a particular role to deduce any conclusion from it Comprehensive Interviews: The aim behind such type of research is to get into the details of the matter and probe all possible options .The method of interrogation and opinion determination is slightly different from quantitative research. Other forms of qualitative research include grounded theory. Quantitative researc

International business and globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International business and globalization - Essay Example The primary factor to conceptualize would be the fact that every country pursues business differently. Laws affect the ways in which business is conducted from region to region and country to country. Negotiations are never conducted exactly as they would be where you have pursued such actions in any city, in any state in whichever country from which you originate. Knowledge and understanding of how others conduct business is an incredible advantage toward the understanding of global managerial economic situations. For example, where the deal is always the single most important consideration to Americans, the details and the way those details are ironed out would be more important for Europeans and Asians. This is where cultures clash in the board room. Something many who are experienced in global economic management would state unequivocally. David C. Korten in his discussion with the National Council of Churches explains that "We presently live under two competing systems of global governance: The Bretton Woods institutions and the United Nations. The former is primarily aligned with the corporate interest and the latter is primarily aligned with the human and natural interest." (Korten, David. C.; Global Economics; June 2003.) The problem with these competing systems of global economic governance is that they never meet in the middle. Many times, the corporate use of Bretton Woods' strategies would trample over the United Nations economic structure. There are many methods to consider global managerial economics. You may look at them in a business perspective, where the bottom line is the most important. You may also perceive them in a cultural diversity light. Still yet, you may perceive the global managerial economics as a unifying method toward globalization. Globalization of corporate entities is a situation that is hotly debated. It would also be one that is fiercely territorial in some cases. David C. Korten has quite interesting methods for our understanding of globalization in managerial economics. "Initially, the question of whether global rule making should be centralized in global institutions or decentralized to the extent possible to national and local levels was an important point of contention." (Korten, David C.; Global Economics; June 2003.) Korten goes further to state that centralization; in the eyes of many from the northern states in the US this is the preferred method for management and enforcing a series of set standards toward labour and economics in the world. The south would have a different viewpoint, in that centralization tends to favour one body in place of more than that. Understanding global economics from a managerial perspective requires an understanding primarily of economics. Secondly, we must understand h ow our economics associates in a global landscape and finally, how cultures and economies coincide or clash depending upon the situation. To illustrate this point the example of Coca Cola would suffice well. The term 'brand equity' basically denotes the credibility of a specified organization in relation to its prime product or products towards the perception of its probable long term success in open market by the band or brands customers and stakeholders. It is this belief the customers and stakeholders indulge in the company. When this organization happens to be a multinational corporation

Budgetary Process Essay Example for Free

Budgetary Process Essay â€Å"Identify and describe the key features that a budgetary process should achieve to achieve managerial goal congruent behaviour. However if budgets are over emphasised myopic behaviour may be observed where a manager (or groups of managers) takes action(s) that improve budgetary performance in the short term but may cause long term harm to the organisation† Discuss. A budget is a short term, often one year, business plan, usually expressed in financial terms (Atrill, Mclaney, 2011, p.314). There are three broad functions of budgeting, these are: quantification of plans, help in financial planning, and monitoring and controlling scarce resources through performance measurements. Throughout this essay I shall be discussing these three areas, breaking them down into seven more specific features of budgeting. Furthermore I shall discuss how myopic behaviour can cause long term harm to an organisation. Goal congruence means developing and maintaining the various activities within the enterprise in proper relationship to each other (Welsch, Hilton, gordan, 1988 p.50). From a managerial point of view this is better explained by making sure they are aware of the different goals set by multiply departments within the organisation; as well as making sure their own goals are in line with the organisations overall plans. There are seven key features that a budgetary process should achieve in order to achieve managerial goal congruent behaviour. The first key feature is authorization, this makes managers accountable for their actions/spending and helps prevent fraud in an organisation (Atrill, McLaney, 2011). For an organisation it is important to make the right choice between a centralised control of the budget, where the organisations overall aspirations are at the heart of any decision making, or to delegate the responsibility to subordinates who will have a better understanding of their local environment. Usually a mixture of centralised and delegated control is chosen, giving some responsibility to subordinates to maintain motivated (Berry, Broadbent, Otley, 2005 p.108). Goal congruence is best achieved by using authorization in the budgetary process to keep Managers / Subordinates clear on what is expected of them from a financial point of view. The next four functions come into effect when planning a budget. Forecasting is critical in preparing an organisation for what is to come in the future, â€Å"looking ahead must be better than moving forward with eyes closed† (Garrett, 2010). It involves calculating many variables in order to predict future economic conditions as well as how governments and competitors will behave. On top of this, the company needs to forecast how the relationship between price and demand will change. Planning links in closely with forecasting as both use secondary data to help organisations determine what to do next. Drury (2004) states that managers are encouraged to plan whilst preparing the budget so that they can consider what changes may occur and how they can respond. An organisation needs to plan out how they are going to treat upcoming circumstances, for example seasonal changes, trends in the market and the likely hood of the company incurring growth or decline. A combination of forecasting and planning enables managers to remain goal congruent as they are aware of what is expected from them and what is expected to happen to the market or organisation in the future. This allows them to have a better understanding of how they are going to achieve their goals and helps keep them focused and in line with the organisation. Berry, Broadbent, Otley, (2005) states the budgetary process provides, in different ways, a focus for forecasting and planning, whilst serving as a channel for communication and coordination. Communication is a critical part of the budgetary process as it is vitally important that each area of the organisation is given a budget that is relevant to the overall goals of the organisation as well as to their specific needs. It is extremely difficult to keep every area of the business content with the budgetary targets and goals set. Individual areas in a business will be competing with each other when relating to funding, resources etc. Goal congruence is achieved through communication by making sure communication is efficient between the different hierarchical levels and between each department. Most organisations form a budgetary committee which includes the senior management that are responsible for designing the strategy; they also receive the initial budgets from each functional man ager (Weetman, 2010, p.319). This will enable swift and clear transparent communication when negotiating the budget, resulting in the best possible budget for each area of the business, whilst achieving the organisations overall aspirations. The final feature of a budget that comes into effect during the planning stage is control / coordination. I have touched upon coordination in the budget process whilst talking about communication as there cannot be effective control/coordination without effective communication and vice versa. Control is critical in planning budgets, as it is important to make sure each area of the business is accountable for its actions, as well as being able to link the budget/targets for each area together to compensate for possible weaknesses in the organisation. Such weaknesses arise when one area of the organisation is relying on another area that cannot commit to what is needed (Weetman, 2010, p.325). Having coordinated budgets allows superiors in the organisation to realise where there are weaknesses early on and counteract the negative effect. An example of this would be out sourcing if the work load for one area of the business is more than it can handle. Budgetary control is often implement ed through cost centres or profit centres. Profit centres allow centralised responsible for revenue, expenses and profit. Whereas a cost centre enables responsibility for mainly costs (expenses) (Welsch, Hilton and gordan, 1988 p.597). These again support goal congruence as the business as a whole is able to see how each specific sections of the organisation is financially performing and whether or not they are helping to achieve the company’s aspirations. Motivation and evaluation are features of budgets that come into effect once the budgets are active. Motivation in budgeting can make or break how goal congruent managers are as motivation in budgeting is an extremely tricky procedure. It has been proven that budgetary targets can indeed improve staff motivation. However too soft a target will make it too easy for staff to achieve and therefore staff performance may fall, whereas setting targets that are deemed unachievable are also likely to decrease performance. Geert (1968) reached the conclusion that provided the budget does not exceed the highest target acceptable to an individual; the results will increase in line with increasing difficulty. A budget allows organisation to set targets and goals that are then compared with actual performance and evaluated. When using budgets (that have been used for motivational purposes) for evaluation, managers need to be careful not to look on small deviations to harshly. A motivational budget is harder to achieve as it is there to improve performance and efficiency in the organisation (Drury, 2004, p.595). Managers should remember that the budget is financially based and evaluating areas such as innovation, corporate social responsibility, staff moral and customer satisfaction are also important to the organisation when evaluating good performance. â€Å"In the context of dynamic demand analysis, habit formation is defined to be â€Å"myopic† when in each period the individual takes into account his consumption history but does not recognise the impact of his present consumption decisions on his future tastes,† (Pashardes 1986).Myopic behaviour is where individuals, organisations or managers focus solely on the short term. In an accounting context this can be extremely detrimental to an organisation’s long term goals, as managers are more focused on achieving their short term budgetary plans than looking at the company’s overall targets. A myopic mind can bring many problems to an organisation’s none financial goals. If managers are too focused on ach ieving there budgetary targets it can stifle the creativity and risk taking culture of the organisation (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). This intern can have dramatic long term effects on an organisation’s creativity and entrepreneurial ability, as it is critical for them to move forward and develop as an organisation. A prime example of this can be seen with the demise of Woolworths, â€Å"history might have been different had woolworths not clung to its time-served ‘pic and mix’ business model† (Boje, Burnes and Hassard, 2012, p.332). In the retail industry it should be critical for managers to remain focused on keeping their store modern. It is proven that modernised stores can set higher prices, leading to larger profits, due to a higher net value added (Hemashree, 2008). Clearly Woolworth lack of enthusiasm towards modernising their stores and being too focused on cutting costs lead to a negative operating environment, hindering their chance of survival. A myopic approach to budgetary goals leads to a concentration on cost reduction and not value creation for managers. For any retailer like Woolworths, managers know that staff take up a huge amount of the companies costs. In the short term it becomes increasingly tempting for managers to enforce staff redundancies to help achieve those targets set by superiors (Berry, Broadbent, Otley, 2005). The actions of cost cutting by retail managers including Woolworths, for example reducing staff during seasonal change (e.g. after Christmas), would cause long term costs to the organisation. Instead of paying high costs due to seasonal staff redundancies and staff training, organisations could reduce staff hours during low points in trading then increase staff hours in line with increasing sales. As well as hindering the organisations ability to think of new ideas, the budgetary process can also have an effect on future development that is already in the pipeline. New projects are often put on hold by organisations which become more worried about meeting financial targets, than trying to expand the company and launch into new markets or create new products. IBM’s budgetary process became so long during the 1970’s that it took 18 months to complete their ‘annual’ planning cycle (Hope, Fraser, 2003, p.7). IBM’s management were affected by another budg etary related issue; becoming excessively inward focused to the point where they were unaware of competitor’s behaviour. Due to their high planning cost this lead them to be unable to, and lacking the agility and ability, to counteract (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). Whilst competitors like Apple were becoming innovated and pushing through their new ideas involving personal computers, IBM were too busy focused on how they, as market leaders, were going to launch the next big thing. IBM misread the personal computer revolution and was unable to react to lower cost advanced computers created by competitors (Hope, Fraser, 2003). â€Å"Keeping an eye on the potential risks and changes in the operating environment is essential – as one delegate noted, budgeting may provide you with a map but if you drive with your eyes closed, you will crash anyway,† (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). There are many methods or remedies that IBM and Woolworths could off used to prevent the budgetary problems associated with myopic behaviour. Beyond-budgeting is a modernised version of the traditional budgeting process that allows botto m up empowerment. This seems to be the best way for organisations to adjust to the fast changing world of the information age (Hope and Fraser, 2003). IBM were affected by being inward focused and unaware of competitors actions. If IBM had been aware of the new beyond-budgeting process they would have been setting their goals in relation to beating their competitors and not the budget (principle 7) (de Waal, 2005). This would of kept them market focused and enabled them to react faster to their competitors actions instead of misreading the market. Driver based planning and budgeting would of, again benefited IBM by helping to shorten their ‘annual’ budgetary process. Incorporating operational drivers would have meant IBM could reforecast on request and would have been agile enough to adapt to uncertain trading conditions (Barrett, 2005). This process as well as enforcing beyond-budgeting principles could off shortened the planning process involving three thousand people that IBM had in place. Woolworth main problem, like many organisations suffering from managerial myopic behaviour, was a lack of innovation. They became too focused with cost cutting practices, trying to achieving budgetary goals. â€Å"Everybody has a sandpit to play in. my sandpit financially is my control plan, If I stay within it, I’m free to play† (Marginson, Ogden, 2005). Keeping innovated and flexible is critical to achieve the organisations long term goals as well as meet short term budgetary targets. In conclusion, traditional budgets are seen as being incapable of meeting the demands of the competitive environment and are criticized for impeding efficient resource allocation and encouraging dysfunctional behaviour such as myopic decisions (deWaal, Hermskens-Janssen, Van de Ven, 2011). I have demonstated how individual beyond budgeting principles can add to traditional budgeting to support organisations, using examples of IBM and Woolworths to demonstrate. De Waal (2005) states that research shows the more beyond-budgeting principles an organisation implements, the better it performs. A combination of budgeting and beyond-budgeting principles allows managers to balance the inherent rigidity of their budgets with the more organic processes of innovation. (Marginson, Ogden, 2005). Using the key principles of beyond budgeting enables managers to focus on achieving long term goals, in line with the organisation’s overall objectives, as well as helping to speed up and modernise the traditional budgetary process. It is however important to remember that the features of a traditional budget are extremely important to most organisations. â€Å"Budgeting provides an overall framework of control without which it would be impossible to manage,† (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). References Atrill, P., Mclaney, E., 2011. Accouting and Finance for non specialists. 7th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Barrett, R., 2005. Budgeting and Reforcasting, Financial Management. Berry, A. J., Broadbent, J., Otley, D., 2005. Management Control. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Boje, D., Burnes, B., Hassard, J., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organisational Change. Oxon: Routledge. CIMA., ICAEW., 2004. Better Budgeting. London: Silverdart Ltd. de Waal, A., 2005. Insights from Practice is your Organisation ready for Beyond-Budgeting?, Measuring Business Excellence. Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 9 (2) (November) pp. 56-67. de Waal, A., Hermkens-Janssen. M., Van de Ven, A., 2011. The Evolution Adoption Framework. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Drury, C., 2004. Management and Cost Accounting. 6th ed. London: Thomas Learning. Garrett, K., 2010. Budgeting. ACCA. Geert, H., Hofstede., 1968. The Game of Budget Control. London: Tavistock Publication. Hemashree, A., 2008. A Study on Working of Modern and Traditional Retail Outlets. Dharwad: University of agricultural sciences. Hope, J., Fraser, R., 2003. Beyond Budgeting. United States: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. Marginson, D., Ogden, S., 2005. Budgeting and Innovation, Financial Management. Pashardes, P., 1986. Myopic and Forward Looking Behaviour in a Dynamic Demand System, International Economic Review. Wiley, 27 (2) (June), pp.387-397. Weetman, P., 2010. Management Accounting .2nd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Welsch, G. A., Hilton, R. W., Gordan, P. N., 1988. Budgeting Profit, Planning and Control. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The Beatles and the Paul McCartney Hoax :: Research Papers Paul mcCartney Essays

I read the news today, oh boy, about a lucky man who made the grade...he blew his mind out in a car. He didn't notice that the lights had changed.(the Beatles, 1967) These lyrics proved to fans that Paul McCartney had indeed died in a tragic auto accident in late 1966. Some people were skeptical about the explanation, but upon investigating the album covers and the lyrics of the Beatles' songs, the story seems to make sense. Some of the lyrics have to be a twisted in order to make sense in the prank, but after an explanation, the clues are perfectly coherent. For thirty-one years, the "Paul Death Hoax" has intrigued a horde of Beatles' fans and fanatics alike. While it's difficult to point to an absolute point of origination, there is no evidence whatsoever that the Beatles themselves had anything to do with the story, although many claim that the Beatles intended it to be a joke the their fans. However, clues, which seem so cleverly arranged, are random coincidences or inaccurate interpretations of existing facts, and all Beatles have denied that they were in any way involved with the deceit. This leads people to believe that maybe Paul did die in that alleged accident. In the late summer 1969, the Northern Illinois University campus newspaper, Northern Star, obtained a list of clues from a student who wrote a research paper on the hoax. (Saki) Russell Gibb, a disc jockey for the Detroit radio station, WNKR, then got a copy of it from a friend of his, and on his radio show, proceeded to read them and even make up his own on the spot. Within a few days, Gibb and his coworkers were astonished to see that newspapers and reporters took his on-air joke too seriously and spread the story more widely. (Saki) More clues came about when Fred Labour, arts reviewer of the University of Michigan's student newspaper, The Michigan Daily, was asked to review "Abbey Road." He had listened to Gibb's radio show a few days before this, and was inspired to write his own article, based on "clues" from Gibb and making up his own. The newspaper published the article under the title, "McCartney Dead; New Evidence Brought to Light." (Saki) Labour and the editor,! J. Gray, assumed that everyone knew it was a joke. The rest of the world took it seriously, and soon Labour was swamped with phone calls from media who wanted more information about his findings.

Gun Violence Essay

The issue of gun ownership and gun violence is highly controversial and has become highly controversial since the recent multiple massacres/shootings in schools and theatres. Controversy ensues between individual beliefs of who can own guns and how to control gun violence. The recent massacres/shootings bring into stark, shocking reality that gun ownership isn’t as controlled as it should, leading to gun violence. As quoted from Steve Mostyn, a Texas trial lawyer, â€Å"Lemme tell you†¦I own thirty-five guns. You know I like to shoot. Last week I went to a local gun store near my house and bought three thousand rounds of ammunition†¦The same month†¦he sold an old rusted Jet Ski trailer for $200. The buyer showed up, hooked the trailer to his truck, and drove away. A few days later, the man asked Mostyn to meet him at the local DMV so they could fill out some paperwork necessary to transfer ownership of the trailer.† Steve continues, â€Å"So I had to go downtown and take the time to fill out a bunch of forms about an old trailer†¦You know how much paperwork I had to do to buy three thousand rounds of ammo? Nothing. (pg 25)† Steve, who supports tighter background checks when buying guns and ammunition, brings to light the reality that guns are being sold with a seemingly careless attitude. One side of the issue believes that gun violence is to blame on video games, the media, and weak federal gun prosecutions. The other side of the issue believes that gun violence is to blame on weak/no background checks when buying guns. These background checks include checks of serious previous and/or current mental health issues. The NRA (National Rifle Association) believes that gun violence is mainly a result of the media, video games, and weak federal gun prosecutions. Gabrielle and Mark, the authors of the book, are just one voice amongst many Americans who believe  weak/no background checks are the cause of gun violence. Honestly, I agree with both sides. I believe that video games, weak federal gun prosecutions, and weak/no background checks are to blame for gun violence. I don’t think the media has a large influence on gun violence. America’s long-standing traditions and mottos of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness include a footnote of gun ownership. I think that some-most Americans take the definition of protecting these American ideals too far with gun violence. Every American has a right to concealed carry, open carry, and gun ownership for the protection of individuals, families, and the home. To go out a massacre humans because of mental instability and inappropriate contextual belief of American values is wrong. My belief, along with other citizen’s beliefs, is important in the issue of gun violence/gun ownership because it is a controversial issue that rests largely in each American citizen’s hands. The government and legal officials’ roles is to help ensure that whatever decision is taken in this issue is enforced.

Famous Person whom you would Consider a “typical” American Essay

Name a famous person whom you would consider a â€Å"typical† American. What characteristics of this individual do you think make her or him typical? Do you consider these characteristics a stereotype? Why, or why not? I think if I had to choose one typical American it would have to be the ‘typical’ ideal American. I do not think that in today’s society that there is a ‘typical’ American.So if I was going to pick a famous person it would have to one from history, Abe Lincoln, for example. He stood for freedom, equality, and upholding the values of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; the values our country was founded on. I think that when he was alive he embodied the characteristics of a typical American because he worked hard to provide for his family and fought hard to stand up for what he believed was right for our country.I consider these to be all wonderful characteristics to have but when applied to the ‘typical’ Ame rican it does seem to be stereotypical or even a little unfair. It is hard in this day and age to embody all of those things that he did. America is a country made up of so many different people with different backgrounds and cultures that we are truly a melting-pot. I think it is time that we redefine the ‘typical’ American to no definition at all. Everyone who is American is ‘typical’, it is what makes this country so great.Resource: Module 4 of Psychology and Your LifeWrite a 200- to 300-word summary describing a time when you had to test a theory. This theory may be something you have tested at work, school, or at home.Answer the following questions in your summary:What type of informal research method did you use?   How was your research method similar to research methods used by psychologists? If given another opportunity, what would you have done differently? Describe one ethical issue mentioned in the text that you have encountered. Why is informe d consent necessary for ethical research? I work in a hotel and I am in charge of getting the housekeepers organized and  working on an acceptable time line. I noticed that they were taking too long to clean the rooms so that I could rent them out again. I decided to do an informal time-motion type study. I would record how long it took them to do the rooms for about a week.I noticed that on one of the days they had planned to do something after work and their room per hour rate went way up. Rechearchers use similar methods when working in the employment settings to see if they can improve morale and production. I probably would not have done much differently. I started motivating them in different ways to make sure that their room rate went up. The only difference was that when we told them about the study, they seemed to move faster. Next time I will just tell them that we are recording their cleaning times and get the results I want, rather than having to give extra incentives. I do not think that there were any moral issues involved in this test. I guess someone could say that I should have let them known that their performance was being recorded. I would not have found the results I did if I had informed them, and as an employee of a company you should expect your performance to be reviewed. If this were a different type of test I can understand how many people want there to be informed consent especially if there is some sort of invasive testing or something that disrupts your normal life.

Research International Business Opportunities Tourism Essay Essays

Research International Business Opportunities Tourism Essay Essays Research International Business Opportunities Tourism Essay Essay Research International Business Opportunities Tourism Essay Essay The intent of this feasibleness study is to confer with Natural Experience whether they have to open their eating house in Bahrain or non. This procedure will be done by analysing all positive and negative facets of Bahrain. A elaborate SWOT and PESTEL analysis will be done and some inside informations will be given about the rivals which already exist in Bahrain. After all this process a recommendation will be provide to Natural Experience that, will it be profitable for them to open there concern in Bahrain or non and will it spread out in Bahrain. Introduction The concern which is traveling to be introduced in Bahrain is an organic eating house. The name of the eating house is Organic Experience. It was formed in London, United Kingdom by a hubby and married woman named, Richard and Dora in 2001. They have come up with a dream that they will open a eating house with high quality organically grown nutrient. The caf A ; eacute ; was holding the capacity of 25 people and the staff which was hired was 6 employees and one manager.They had made a sensible net income in the first twelvemonth which shows that their concern is successful. Subsequently on they open a new subdivision in Canary Wharf but they were holding some ailments about their nutrient and got fined for that. But subsequently on the eating house maintain its quality and got good consequences at the terminal of the twelvemonth. After the success of their concern they decided to open 3rd subdivision near tower of London. This clip they change the name of the eating house to Natural Experience because of some legal issues and the enlargement in bill of fare. The thought of this Natural experience worked really good so after that they decided to franchise it. Here is a brief debut of United Kingdom. It had become a province in 927 AD. It is located in European continent. The place of UK on the Earth is 51 A ; deg ; 30?North and 0 A ; deg ; 7?West. The country is 243,610 sq. kilometer. and their official linguistic communication is English. The capital of UK is London. The statistics shows that there are 83.6 % British and 16.4 % non-British. Its population is 62,698,362 ( July 2011 est. ) : in which non-British are included. The authorities system is constitutional monarchy. The per capita income is $ 39,604. It is rich in natural resource and industries. The GDP of UK was $ 2.481 trillion. Peoples of all sorts live in UK and subsequently on most of them get the citizenship of UK. ( State.gov, 2012 ) They were holding 5 franchised coffeehouse at the terminal of 2009 in UK. The income of Natural Experience reached 6.1 million Pounds out of which the net income was 1.9 million. After this success they spread their concern worldwide. The eating house will be unfastened in Bahrain. The location of the Natural Experience Caf A ; eacute ; will be Manama, because it is the capital of Bahrain. Bahrain City Centre will be the best topographic point to open eating house, the ground is, it is the best and the oldest in Bahrain and it is really celebrated as good. There are many of the eating houses but none of them are wholly organic so it will be really good for our caf A ; eacute ; . Promotion will be done to do it popular and if the eating house work good and started doing much gross so it will get down opening new franchises in Bahrain at the most fond points. This will be a key of enlargement in Bahrain. Swot Strengths The strength of the Natural Experience is its nutrient which is organic. There is a lack of healthy and organic eating houses in the universe. Peoples are looking for nutrient which is truly 100 % organic. The fleshiness is extremely increasing in Bahrain so the tendency of people is coming towards healthy and organic nutrient. The other strength of it is their bill of fare they have all sort of veggies which are organically grown and a assortment of meat dishes. There will be barely any eating house which is functioning this much nutrient types. They have drinks, salads, appetisers, sweets, soups and the chief classs. Failings Their failing will be the debut in Bahrain. As it will be new in Bahrain so it will non be much popular among the population. This failing can be minimized by making publicity and by the clip passes it will be celebrated. The concern is traveling to be presenting in Bahrain which has some rivals. They will give a difficult clip to Natural Experience because they had already built their repute in Bahrain. So it will be disputing for it. Opportunities They have the chance to spread out the concern in Bahrain. They can run their eating house on the most celebrated musca volitanss of Bahrain. This will be a beginning to acquire more popular because these musca volitanss are ever crowded and on weekends they reach to their extremes. Natural Experience demand skilled and efficient workers for their eating house without this they can non supply the best quality to the clients. So in Bahrain they can acquire skilled staff on lower rewards because there is no revenue enhancement system in Bahrain so the workers are agreed on lower wages. Menaces The biggest menace for the natural experience is the porc and the unhalal meat. They can acquire the halal meat locally but the porc is purely prohibited in Bahrain. This will cut down some dishes from the bill of fare but alternatively of porc other meat can be used such as beef, mouton, chicken etc. The authorities processs are really hard in Bahrain. They require a batch of attempts and high networking accomplishments to get down their eating house in Bahrain otherwise they have to confront many jobs and it will be really dearly-won for them. Besides these they should cognize all the Torahs and legal issues in Bahrain. Rival Analysis Organic Foods and Caf A ; eacute ; Organic Foods and Caf A ; eacute ; is house operated by a household. They sell organic and biodynamic nutrient. It has many shops across Dubai and they are the largest providers of organic nutrient in the universe. They produce fresh staff of lifes, fruits and veggies. They harvest everything free from all sorts of unreal fertiliser and chemicals. The nutrient is grown in household run organic farm throughout the universe. They are functioning to wellness witting and ecofriendly consumers. It is located in Al Seef promenade in Bahrain. ( Organic Foods and Caf A ; eacute ; , 2012 ) Strength The strength of Organic Food and Caf A ; eacute ; is their bringing service. They offer all sorts of nutrient at your door measure, no affair where you live in Bahrain. This service is giving them a really good response. Failing The monetary values of the caf A ; eacute ; are really high. Normal income individual can non afford it. So it will diminish the chances of the caf A ; eacute ; . Masso Masso is an organic eating house in Bahrain. It is originated from Italy and the full dishes served are Italian. The proprietor of the eating house is Susy Massetti. They sell organic nutrient with their particular vino. The Restaurant is located in The Palace, Adliya, Bahrain. ( masso eating house, 2012 ) Strength There particular sort of vino which is non available in Bahrain. This vino is made of their particular technique and merely served at their eating house. Failing Poor publicity of the eating house and the web site is besides non good designed. There is no proper location mentioned via map. PESTEL PESTEL stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal. It is a tool to analyse any state before get downing a concern. This analysis gives you the best overview of the state you are traveling to work. Political Government Type The type of the authorities in Bahrain is constitution monarchy. The system is based on land and the male monarch of Bahrain is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifah. As there is land so the political system is really stable and there is non much job between the authorities and parliament members. ( CIA, 2012 ) There will be non much political crisis for my eating houses because there is land and the concern can be run swimmingly. There will be less governmental fees and financess which will assist in addition the net income. Corruptness Bahrain ranks 46th in the universe for corruptness and it really low as compared to the other developed states. If there is more corruptness there will be more jobs in licensing and processs. ( CIA, 2012 ) There is less corruptness in Bahrain so all the processs will be done really fast and without any job. For the farther enlargement there will non be much trouble and the cost will be less. Economic Per capita income The per capita income is $ 27,900 which is really high compared to other states. The mean monthly income is $ 2,400. The people of Bahrain spend a batch on their shopping and life style. This will be really good for the eating house because the people will non holding much job in purchasing the expensive nutrient and besides that they are really much concerned about their wellness which is besides good. ( CIA, 2012 ) Labor The figure of labour in Bahrain is 666,000. Therefore the labour in Bahrain is really inexpensive and you can acquire professional cooks and staff at really low wages. ( CIA, 2012 ) This is really good for the Natural Experience they can engage the best staff without any excess charges. They can besides engage chefs which can cook organic nutrient and are expert in it. Social Literacy rate Harmonizing to the nose count of 2010 the literacy rate of Bahrain is 94.6 % and it is one of the top literate states. The people are good cognizant of the tendencies and are extremely educated. Because of the instruction degree they are developing really fast. The people who have better knowledge merely know the value of the organic nutrient. This will be the plus point of the eating house. Life criterions The life criterions of people are really high. They enjoy all the luxury of the universe. They use most of the best trade names. Most of the population is populating in urban countries and have all the installations near around. This shows the criterion of life of the people of Bahrain. There will be a positive impact on the Natural Experience of the people s criterion of life. They will bask the location and the luxury provided by the caf A ; eacute ; . Technological Internet users Bahrain has internet regular users above 420,000 and there is a good connexion with the societal media. As the clip is go throughing Bahrain is increasing in engineering. If there will be a web site it will truly assist to advance the concern. There could be a Facebook page which spreads message locally and to chitter so that the clients can follow us. Transportation system The transit system is really good in Bahrain because it s a little state and it has roadways of 3851 KM. All sorts of conveyance are available like taxis, coachs, private autos etc. The clients will non traveling to acquire any conveyance trouble in Bahrain because it will be good civilized. It will be in the range of all the clients. Environmental Climate The clime of Bahrain is really hot and mild. There is really hot air current throughout the summer and there is near approximately two to three months of cold conditions. Sometime the temperature exceeds 50 grade centigrade. Because of this conditions people normally do non come out of their house. These conditions will severely impact the concern of Natural Experience. There should be high efficient centralized AC in the eating house. Terrain Most of the land in Bahrain is desert with hot air currents. The H2O is merely in the sea, there is no H2O on the land degree. Because of the desert the cultivation of harvests is non possible. The organic veggies can non be grown in Bahrain ; all the veggies must be imported from other states. It will increase the cost of goods. Legal Tax There is no revenue enhancement system in Bahrain, it means on any sort of income you do non hold to pay any revenue enhancement. There are some kinds of responsibilities on importing points which we have to pay in any conditions but the nutrient points are free of responsibilities. The concern has to import goods but it does non hold to pay any responsibility on the nutrient material. This will ensue in the in sensible net income and concern can spread out. ( CIA, 2012 ) Torahs The fundamental law of Bahrain is based on Islamic rules. Most of the processs are completed harmonizing to the instructions of Quran. If the eating house is making something against jurisprudence or selling unhalal nutrient they can close down for this and they will neer acquire the licence once more. Business Hazards Rivals When there is a idea of get downing a concern there are besides the hazards. There are really few opportunities of a concern that does non hold any rivals. Unfortunately there are some rivals of Natural Experience in Bahrain and they are holding really good repute. They will give a tough clip to the eating house. To get the better of the rivals there will be publicity before get downing the concern. SWOT analysis of the rivals will be done and better concern scheme will be made for the operations. Natural Resources There is scarceness of natural resources in Bahrain ; most of the points are imported from other states. There is no possibility of turning resources with natural conditions. All the nutrient points are imported from other states and most of them are farm green goods so it will non be suited for the caf A ; eacute ; . The eating house has to import all the veggies and meat points from UK. This will decidedly be more but Natural Experience has to keep its quality and techniques so merely it will be successful. Licensing Obtaining licence is a large issue in Bahrain. Many steadfast acquire shutdown before get downing because they can non acquire the licence. There is a long process to acquire the licence. For minimising this hazard the concern should hold good networking accomplishments with the people in the ministries and other authorities institutes to coup detat this hazard. Monetary values The monetary values of the eating house will be high comparing with other fast-food eating houses. It is because the organic points cost more. The monetary value will definitely affairs for the clients. The Natural Experience will seek to maintain the monetary values less to retain their client ; otherwise it can non remain in the competition. Religious beliefs Bahrain is a Moslem state and they have a belief that the porc is non good to eat ; it is prohibited in the faith. There are the hazards that the licence can be acquire cancel because of selling prohibitedfood. So they have to diminish some of the points from the bill of fare which may cut down their regular clients. Advantages Organic nutrient The chief advantage of the Natural Experience is that it is selling organic nutrient which is a trade name on its ain. The people of Bahrain are truly interested in of course prepared nutrient. This will be really paid for the eating house as the clients will be more interested and they will come more to the eating house. The more the gross revenues will be the more will be the net income and the consciousness among the people will increase. Electricity Bahrain is an oil based state. Most of the gross is generated through oil production. They use fuel to bring forth electricity because of this the electricity cost it really inexpensive and they charge really less measure to the people and commercial houses. This will be a major advantage for the eating house and it reduces the cost of goods. Menu There is a huge scope of organic points in the bill of fare. The rivals in Bahrain do non hold this much dishes. This will do Natural Experience caf A ; eacute ; better than other eating houses. Anyhow the porc is prohibited but still they have a batch like poulet, beef, duck, oyster and lamb. Besides these there are many sorts of drinks and soups. Tax Bahrain is free from all sorts of revenue enhancements. The employees or the business communities do non hold to pay any sort of revenue enhancement. This will be really good for the caf A ; eacute ; . They can engage employees on less salary and they will be satisfied because they did nt hold to pay anything to authorities. Disposable income The people of Bahrain have a batch of disposable income and they like to pass it. It will be a good advantage for the caf A ; eacute ; that the population can pass and they do non hold any job from the disbursement issue. The gross of the eating house will automatically increase. Decision After all the analysis done in the study, Bahrain is holding good points and some hazards as good. The conditions are besides stable in Bahrain and there will be non much competition in organic nutrient. The statistics besides shows favourable consequences. The Natural Experience caf A ; eacute ; got good consequences in UK and it is holding truly all right nutrient and drinks. The enlargement program of this eating house will be successful so my recommendation is to open the caf A ; eacute ; in Bahrain. The grounds are as follows The political conditions are stable and running really smooth. Besides this the province is monarchy so there will be no issues of election and instability The other ground is that there is no revenue enhancement every bit explained in the study The nutrient is organic and healthy and many points are at that place in the bill of fare which will be harmonizing to the demands of the consumers The income degree is really high and they have inordinate disposable income. These were some of the major grounds that why the eating house should be unfastened in Bahrain and harmonizing to me it will run really good.

North American P-51 Mustang Fighter

North American P-51 Mustang Fighter North American P-51D Specifications: General Length: 32 ft. 3 in.Wingspan: 37 ft.Height: 13 ft. 8 in.Wing Area: 235 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 7,635 lbs.Loaded Weight: 9,200 lbs.Maximum Takeoff Weight: 12,100 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Maximum Speed: 437 mphRange: 1,650 miles (w/ external tanks)Rate of Climb: 3,200 ft./min.Service Ceiling: 41,900 ft.Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Packard V-1650-7 liquid-cooled supercharged V-12, 1,490 hp Armament 6 Ãâ€" 0.50 in. machine gunsUp to 2,000 lb of bombs (2 hardpoints)10 x 5 unguided rockets Development: With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States to acquire aircraft to supplement the Royal Air Force. Overseen by Sir Henry Self, who was charged with directing RAF aircraft production as well as research and development, this commission initially sought to acquire large numbers of the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk for use in Europe. While not an ideal aircraft, it the P-40 was the only American fighter then in production that came close to the performance standards required for combat over Europe. Contacting Curtiss, the commissions plan soon proved unworkable as the Curtiss-Wright plant was unable to take new orders. As a result, Self approached North American Aviation as the company was already supplying the RAF with trainers and was attempting to sell the British their new B-25 Mitchell bomber. Meeting with North American president James Dutch Kindelberger, Self asked if the company could produce the P-40 under contract. Kindelberger replied that rather than transition North Americans assembly lines to the P-40, he could have a superior fighter designed and ready to fly in a shorter span of time. In response to this offer, Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the head of the British Ministry of Aircraft Production placed an order for 320 aircraft in March 1940. As part of the contract, the RAF specified a minimum armament of four .303 machine guns, a maximum unit price of $40,000, and for the first production aircraft to be available by January 1941. Design: With this order in hand, North American designers Raymond Rice and Edgar Schmued began the NA-73X project to create a fighter around the P-40s Allison V-1710 engine. Due to Britains wartime needs, the project progressed rapidly and a prototype was ready for testing only 117 days after the order was placed. This aircraft featured a new arrangement for its engine cooling system which saw it placed aft of the cockpit with the radiator mounted in the belly.  Testing soon found that this placement allowed the NA-73X to take advantage of the Meredith effect in which heated air exiting the radiator could be used to boost the aircrafts speed.  Constructed entirely of aluminum to reduce weight, the new aircrafts fuselage utilized a semi-monocoque design.   First flying on October 26, 1940, the P-51 utilized a laminar flow wing design which provided low drag at high speeds and was the product of collaborative research between North American and the  National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. While the prototype proved substantially faster than the P-40, there was a substantial drop in performance when operating over 15,000 feet. While adding a supercharger to the engine would have solved this issue, the aircrafts design made it impractical. Despite this, the British were eager to have the aircraft which was initially provided with eight machine guns (4 x .30 cal., 4 x .50 cal.). The US Army Air Corps approved Britains original contract for 320 aircraft on the condition that they received two for testing. The first production aircraft flew May 1, 1941, and the new fighter was adopted under the name Mustang Mk I by the British and dubbed the XP-51 by the USAAC. Arriving in Britain in October 1941, the Mustang first saw service with No. 26 Squadron before making its combat debut on May 10, 1942. Possessing outstanding range and low-level performance, the RAF primarily assigned the aircraft to Army Cooperation Command which utilized the Mustang for ground support and tactical reconnaissance. In this role, the Mustang made its first long-range reconnaissance mission over Germany on July 27, 1942. The aircraft also provided ground support during the disasterous Dieppe Raid that August. The initial order was soon followed by the second contract for 300 planes which differed only in armament carried. The Americans Embrace the Mustang: During 1942, Kindelberger pressed the newly re-designated US Army Air Forces for a fighter contract to continue production of the aircraft. Lacking funds for fighters in early 1942, Major General Oliver P. Echols was able to issue a contract for 500 of a version of the P-51 which had been designed for a ground attack role. Designated the A-36A Apache/Invader these aircraft began arriving that September. Finally, on June 23, a contract for 310 P-51A fighters was issued to North American. While the Apache name was initially retained, it was soon dropped in favor of Mustang. Refining the Aircraft: In April 1942, the RAF asked Rolls-Royce to work on addressing the aircrafts high altitude woes. Engineers quickly realized that many of the issues could be resolved by swapping the Allison with one of their Merlin 61 engines equipped with a two speed, two stage supercharger. Testing in Britain and America, where the engine was built under contract as the Packard V-1650-3, proved highly successful. Immediately put into mass production as the P-51B/C (British Mk III), the aircraft began reaching the front lines in late 1943. Though the improved Mustang received rave reviews from pilots, many complained about a lack of rearward visibility due to the aircrafts razorback profile. While the British have experimented with field modifications using Malcolm hoods similar to those on the Supermarine Spitfire, North American sought a permanent solution to the problem. The result was the definitive version of the Mustang, the P-51D, which featured a completely transparent bubble hood and six .50 cal. machine guns. The most widely produced variant, 7,956 P-51Ds were built. A final type, the P-51H arrived too late to see service. Operational History: Arriving in Europe, the P-51 proved key to maintaining the Combined Bomber Offensive against Germany. Prior to its arrival daylight bombing raids routinely sustained heavy losses as current Allied fighters, such as the Spitfire and Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, lacked the range to provide an escort. With the superb range of the P-51B and subsequent variants, the USAAF was able to provide its bombers with protection for the duration of raids. As a result, the US 8th and 9th Air Forces began exchanging their P-47s and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings for Mustangs. In addition to escort duties, the P-51 was a gifted air superiority fighter, routinely besting Luftwaffe fighters, while also serving admirably in a ground strike role. The fighters high speed and performance made it one of the few aircraft capable of pursuing V-1 flying bombs and defeating the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter. While best known for its service in Europe, some Mustang units saw service in the Pacific and the Far East. During World War II, the P-51 was credited with downing 4,950 German aircraft, the most of any Allied fighter. Following the war, the P-51 was retained as the USAAFs standard, piston-engine fighter. Re-designated the F-51 in 1948, the aircraft was soon eclipsed in the fighter role by newer jets. With the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, the F-51 returned to active service in a ground attack role. It performed admirably as a strike aircraft for the duration of the conflict. Passing out of frontline service, the F-51 was retained by reserve units until 1957. Though it had departed American service, the P-51 was utilized by numerous air forces around the world with the last being retired by the Dominican Air Force in 1984. Selected Sources Ace Pilots: P-51 MustangBoeing: P-51 MustangFighter Plans: P-51 MustangAngelucci, Enzo, Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft: 1914-1980 (The Military Press: New York, 1983), 233, 234.

What are the common types of leadership that most organizations now Essay

What are the common types of leadership that most organizations now use - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that your identity is who you really are—and your image is how much of that real people understand the daunting boundaries of language and culture. The paper tells that corporate image and identity comes hand in hand to make up a desired audience perception towards the corporation. The image and identity that is projected towards the market, most significantly to its target consumers, create a reputation about the corporation that would eventually become the basis of the people’s decision of availing the services of the corporation. Just as any other corporations present in the community, pedagogical institutions are not exempted from this common situation in the community. It is necessary for any organization to project a good image and identity towards the community since it is considered as one of the best strategies that any organization should take into consideration. The present research has identified that leadership fo r that matter plays a detrimental role. As simple as these two ideas may seem yet, in reality, this is one of the most difficult and the most complex challenges that a business may face that concerns management these days. In order to address this challenge, every organization must understand and recognize the important leadership and become aware of which type of leadership will prove to be effective for the organization. ... Corporate identity and leadership digs deeper as to the process and the ways in which the company creates its own value in the community where it markets its products and services (Managing Image in a Dynamic Corporate Environment). On the other hand, corporate image has to do something with the people who had availed of the corporation's products and services, their impressions and associations towards the corporation as perceived through their experiences with the company. Generally, these impressions and association that the consumers have developed within themselves can however be controlled by the corporation. Everything that the consumers have to go through is capable of being controlled by the corporation to a greater or lesser degree. This "may include the tone and manner of its employees, its pricing structure, the quality of its customer service, the publicity it receives from the media, its social responsiveness and its activities in the community" (Managing Image in a Dynamic Corporate Environment). It is and has been conceptualized largely in terms of the visual aspect it projects to the people. In business management studies, they also suggest that leadership style is determined mostly by the organization and is presented to the employees in both verbal and visual form (Moffit & Williams, 1997). Thus by maintaining the most effective type of leadership, the company is assured that the desired reputation of the corporation towards its target consumers is achieved (Managing Image in a Dynamic Corporate Environment).